Comportamiento clínico del parto vertical y en posición de litotomía en dos centros de salud de Cusco, Perú / Clinical behavior of vertical delivery and in lithotomy position in two Health Centers of Cusco, Peru

Resumen OBJETIVO: Comparar el comportamiento clínico del parto vertical con el horizontal en embarazadas atendidas en dos centros de salud de Cusco, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo y prospectivo con un componente correlacional efectuado en dos centros de salud de la ciudad de Cusco, Perú, del 1 de septiembre del 2020 al 31 de enero del 2021, en mujeres embarazadas que tuvieron parto vertical u horizontal. El cálculo del tamaño de muestra se estableció con el programa estadístico EPIDAT mediante la comparación de medias de grupos independientes. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 212 pacientes (106 en parto vertical y 106 en posición de litotomía). En las pacientes con parto horizontal se registraron 3 casos de activación de código rojo (1.42%) con sangrado máximo de 2500 cc. El grado de desgarro vaginal más frecuente fue 1, en 103 mujeres (48.58%). La involución uterina en los dos grupos, a las 6 h, fue de 13 cm en 80 mujeres (37.74%), a las 12 h de 12 cm en 83 mujeres (39.15%) y para las 24 h de 11 cm en 84 mujeres (39.62%). Las horas mínimas de trabajo de parto fueron 2.38 h en el grupo de parto vertical; el puntaje Apgar más bajo fue 7 al primer minuto (1.42%) y al minuto 5 (0.47%). CONCLUSIONES: El parto vertical puede ofrecer ventajas significativas en comparación con el horizontal en algunas variables: trabajo de parto más corto, Apgar al minuto e involución uterina. Para las demás variables estudiadas no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical behavior of vertical delivery and delivery in the lithotomy position in pregnant women attended in two health centers in Cusco, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, comparative and prospective study with a correlational component carried out in two health centers in the city of Cusco, Peru, from September 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021 in pregnant women who delivered vertically or horizontally. The sample size was calculated using the EPIDAT statistical program by comparing the means of independent groups. RESULTS: 212 patients were studied (106 in vertical delivery and 106 in lithotomy position). In horizontal delivery patients there were 3 cases of code red activation (1.42%) with maximum bleeding of 2500 cc. The most frequent vaginal tear grade was 1, in 103 women (48.58%). Uterine involution in the two groups, at 6 h, was 13 cm in 80 women (37.74%), at 12 h 12 cm in 83 women (39.15%) and by 24 h 11 cm in 84 women (39.62%). Minimum labor hours were 2.38 h in the vertical delivery group; the lowest Apgar score was 7 at 1 min (1.42%) and at 5 min (0.47%). CONCLUSIONS: Vertical delivery may offer significant advantages compared to horizontal delivery in some variables: shorter labor, Apgar at minute and uterine involution. For the other variables studied, no statistically significant differences were found.

Duration of the Presence of Infectious Zika Virus in Semen and Serum.

Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently caused a large epidemic in the Americas that is associated with birth defects. Although ZIKV is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, ZIKV RNA is detectable in blood and semen of infected individuals for weeks or months, during which sexual and other modes of transmission are possible. However, viral RNA is usually detectable longer than infectious virus is present. We determined the frequency of isolation of infectious virus from semen and serum samples prospectively obtained from a cohort of patients in Puerto Rico. We confirmed isolation of infectious virus on the basis of a tissue culture cytopathic effect, an increase in virus genome copy equivalents (GCE), and positive results of immunofluorescence analysis; virus in infected cells was quantitated by flow cytometry. These criteria confirmed the presence of infectious virus in semen specimens from 8 of 97 patients for up to 38 days after initial detection when virus loads are >1.4 × 106 genome copy equivalents/mL. Two serum isolates were obtained from 296 patients. These findings can help guide important prevention guidelines for persons that may potentially be infectious and transmit ZIKV sexually.

Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellites from the critically endangered hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).

We isolated and characterized 12 microsatellite loci from the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). The loci exhibited a variable number of alleles that ranged from three to 14 with an average observed heterozygosity of 0.70 (SD 0.18) across 40 hawksbill turtles from the Caribbean. The polymorphism exhibited individually and in combination makes them suitable for fine-scale genetic studies. In particular, the low probability of identity and high paternity exclusion of these markers makes them highly useful for parentage and relatedness studies. These new markers greatly increase the power of genetic studies directed towards the conservation of this endangered species.

Reproducción del pez Brotula clarkae (Pisces: Ophidiidae) en el Pacífico colombiano

Reproduction of the fish Brotula clarkae (Pisces: Ophidiidae) in the Colombian Pacific. We studied the reproductive ecology of the fish Brotula clarkae based on 754 individuals obtained from the industrial and artisanal fisheries in the Colombian Pacific (March 1994 to December 1996). Histological sections (paraplast embedding and Harris’s hematoxylin-eosin stain) were made from 151 females (26-100 cm total length). Additionally, mean diameter and particular features are described for oocyte phases and ovarian development stages. The mean size at initial sexual maturity of females was determined with two methods (graphic and statistic) in 61.3 cm and 62.3 cm respectively. The general sex ratio was 1:1.There are several spawn pulses between May and October. The mean fecundity by spawn pulse was 1 005 657 eggs. We recommend a fishing ban during the reproduction period and a minimal catch size above 62.3 cm. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 957-967. Epub 2007 December, 28.

Con el fin de desarrollar estrategias de uso sostenible del recurso pesquero, se evaluó la reproducción de la merluza (Brotula clarkae), proveniente de las pesquerías industrial y artesanal del Pacífico colombiano(marzo de 1994 a diciembre de 1996). Se examinaron 754 individuos, obteniendo una proporción sexual global de 1:1. Se realizaron cortes histológicos (inclusión en paraplasto y tinción con hematoxilina-eosina) de 151 hembras que se encontraban en un ámbito de tallas de 26 cm a 100 cm de longitud total, determinándose el diámetro promedio y las características particulares de las diferentes fases de desarrollo ovocitario, estableciendo también las distintas etapas de desarrollo ovárico. Se determinó la talla media de inicio de madurez sexual para las hembras por medio de dos métodos (gráfico y estadístico), obteniéndose 61.3 cm y 62.3 cm, respectivamente. Se encontró que la especie presenta desove fraccionado con varios pulsos durante su perido reproductivo, el cual se estableció entre mayo y octubre, estimándose la fecundidad absoluta promedio por pulso de desove en 1 005 657 huevos. Se sugieren como posibles medidas de ordenamiento pesquero el mantener la talla media de captura por encima de la talla media de inicio de madurez y establecer vedas que protejan el periodo reproductivo.

[Reproduction of the fish Brotula clarkae (Pisces: Ophidiidae) in the Colombian Pacific]. / Reproducción del pez Brotula clarkae (Pisces: Ophidiidae) en el Pacífico colombiano.

We studied the reproductive ecology of the fish Brotula clarkae based on 754 individuals obtained from the industrial and artisanal fisheries in the Colombian Pacific (March 1994 to December 1996). Histological sections (paraplast embedding and Harris's hematoxylin-eosin stain) were made from 151 females (26-100 cm total length). Additionally, mean diameter and particular features are described for oocyte phases and ovarian development stages. The mean size at initial sexual maturity of females was determined with two methods (graphic and statistic) in 61.3 cm and 62.3 cm respectively. The general sex ratio was 1:1. There are several spawn pulses between May and October. The mean fecundity by spawn pulse was 1,005,657 eggs. We recommend a fishing ban during the reproduction period and a minimal catch size above 62.3 cm.

Genetic mosaic in a marine species flock.

We used molecular approaches to study the status of speciation in coral reef fishes known as hamlets (Serranidae: Hypoplectrus). Several hamlet morphospecies coexist on Caribbean reefs, and mate assortatively with respect to their strikingly distinct colour patterns. We provide evidence that, genetically, the hamlets display characteristics common in species flocks on land and in freshwaters. Substitutions within two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) protein-coding genes place hamlets within a monophyletic group relative to members of two related genera (Serranus and Diplectrum), and establish that the hamlet radiation must have been very recent. mtDNA distances separating hamlet morphospecies were slight (0.6 +/- 0.04%), yielding a coalescent estimate for the age of the hamlet flock of approximately 430 000 years. Morphospecies did not sort into distinct mtDNA haplotype phylogroups, and alleles at five hypervariable microsatellite loci were shared broadly across species boundaries. None the less, molecular variation was not distributed at random. Analyses of mtDNA haplotype frequencies and nested clades in haplotype networks revealed significant genetic differences between geographical regions and among colour morphospecies. We also observed significant microsatellite differentiation between geographical regions and in Puerto Rico, among colour morphospecies; the latter providing evidence for reproductive isolation between colour morphospecies at this locale. In our Panama collection, however, colour morphospecies were mostly genetically indistinguishable. This mosaic pattern of DNA differentiation implies a complex interaction between population history, mating behaviour and geography and suggests that porous boundaries separate species in this flock of brilliantly coloured coral reef fishes.